English Grammar No- 01

What is Grammar ?

Science that deals with correct use of language both in conversation and writing.

Sentence

Group of words which makes complete sense.

Example

• The Earth goes around the sun.
• Where do you come from ?

Phrase

Group of words which makes sense but not complete sense.They have no subject or predicateof their own.

Example

• in search of.
• as soon as possible.

Clause

Group of words which forms part of a sentence, and contains a subject and a predicate.

Example

• The man whom I hate.
• While it is raining.

TypesOf Sentences

Statements or Assertion
A sentence that makes a statement or assertion.

Example

• The sun rises in the east.
• The cow eats grass.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

A sentence that asks a question.

Example

• Why did you go there ?
• How old are you ?

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

A sentence which expresses a command, a requestor or a wish.

Example

• Get out of the class.
• sit down

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

A sentence which expresses a sudden, strong feeling.

Example

• How beautiful the sky is!
• What a fine morning!

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PARTS OF SPEECH:-

Word used as name of a person, place or thing.

There are 8 kinds of Parts speech in English language

📚 Noun

📚 Pronoun

📚 Verb

📚 Adverb

📚 Adjective

📚 Conjunction

📚Preposition

📚 Interjection

Example

• Everest, London, Mumbai, New york

Type of Nouns

PROPER NOUNS

Word used as name of a particular person, place or thing.

Example

• Everest, London, Mumbai, New york

COMMON NOUNS

Name given in common to every person or thing of same class or kind.

Example

• boy, tree, horse, king, town

COLLECTIVE NOUNS

Name of a group of person or things taken as a single whole.

Example

• crowd, army, team, family, assembly, committee

ABSTRACT NOUNS

Name of quality, state or action of a person or thing.

Example

• Goodness, kindness, slavery, poverty, laughter, theft, childhood

MATERIAL NOUNS

Name of materials out of which things are made.

Example

• gold, wood, stone, iron, wool, bronze, clay.

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PRONOUN

Pronoun is the word used instead of a noun.

Example

• Harry is a good boy.He rises early in the morning.( 'He' is the pronoun used instead of Harry.)
• him, he, she, it, my, mine, our, we, ours.. etc

Type Of Pronouns

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

PERSON	SINGULAR NUMBER	PLURAL NUMBER
First Person	I my mine me	We our ours us
Second Person	You your yours you	You your yours you
Third Person Masculine Gender Feminine Gender Neuter Gender	He She It his her hers its him her it	All Genders they they they their, theirs their, theirs their, theirs them them them

First Person stands for the person speaking.
Second Person stands for the person spoken to.
Third Person stands for any one or anything.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

Interrogative pronouns are used for asking questions.

Example

• Who are you ?
• who, what, which, whom, whose.. etc

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Words such as who, what, which, that ..etc are called relative pronouns since they expresses relation between two sentences or phrases.

Example

• I saw an old man.He was too weak to walk.
• I saw an old man who was too weak to walk.(who is the relative pronoun added to above sentence)
• This is what I expected.

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VERB

A verb is a word which tells us what a person or a thing is doing ; Verb shows an action.

Example

• The girl eats mangoes.
• John is telling a story.
• eat, tell, play, run, write, open, kill...

Type of Verb

TRANSITIVE VERB

A verb which has an object is called a Transitive verb. Some time transitive verb may have two objects.

Example

• The cow gives us milk.
• The cow gives us -what?-- milk
• To whom ? us

INTRANSITIVE VERB

A verb which has no object is called a Intransitive verb.

Example

• He plays only on sundays.
• He fought bravely.

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ADVERB

An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a Verb, an Adjective or another Adverd.

Example

• The old man walked slowly .
• Juli writes very carefully .
• He works hard from dawn to night.

Type of Adverbs

ADVERB OF TIME

If a verb answers for question 'When' then the adverb shows the time of action.

Example

• He left the place a few minutes ago.
• He will soon come back.

ADVERB OF PLACE

If a verb answers for question 'Where' then the adverb shows the place of action.

Example

• I met him in the theatre.
• This is the place where the tree stood.

ADVERB OF NUMBER

If a verb answers for question 'How often' then the adverb shows the number of the action.

Example

• The comet appears once in several years.
• That poor man is always happy

ADVERB OF MANNER

If a verb answers for question 'How' or'In what manner' then it shows the condition of verb.

Example

• He was seriously injured.
• Johny writes very carefully.

ADVERB OF DEGREE or QUANTITY

If a verb answers for question 'How much' or'In what'.

Example

• The sky is very cloudy.
• She sings pretty well.

ADVERB OF REASON

If a verb explains the reason for the action then called adverb of reason.

Example

• As he was not well.
• Therefore he returned home.

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ADJECTIVE

Word that qualifies a noun and points out the quality,number or kind of the person, place or thing represented by the noun.

Example

• John is a clever boy.
• Uncle gave me a beautiful watch.
• sweet, blue, good, bad, tall, short...

Type of Adjectives

ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY

Shows the kind or quality of a person or thing.

Example

• He is an honest boy.
• The elephant is black.
• old, young, clever, wise, tall, short..

ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY

Shows how much of a thing is meant.

Example

• He has lost all his wealth.
• I have enough clothes.
• any,little, some...

ADJECTIVES OF NUMBER

Shows how many person or things are meant.

Example

• I have two brothers.
• Only a few students failed.
• many, all, several...

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

They point out which person or thing is meant.

Example

• The boy is taller than Alex.
• These mangoes are sweet .
• beautiful, that, such...

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES

What,which,whose..etc : when they are used with nouns to ask questions.

Example

• What kind of animal is this?
• Whose book is this?

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CONJUNCTION

A conjunction is a word which joins together words or sentences.

Example

• And, as, but, before, after, if, whether, than, when, that, though, for, yet, why, unless, while, lest ..etc.

Types Of Conjunction

PHRASE CONJUNCTIONS

When phrase used as conjunction they are called Phrase Conjunction.

Example

• As soon as he saw his father,he threw the cigarette away.
• She appeared on the scene as if she were a princess.
• It seems as though it is going to rain.
• The teacher as well as his student was injured.
• This is fully correct as far as I am concerned.
• I would not do that even if he gave thousands of rupees.
• I worked hard so that I might get a first class.

CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

A conjunction that joins together sentences, clauses or words of equal rank, is called a CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTION.

Example

• and, but, for, also, or, nor, so, yet,either..or, neither..nor
• The idol is made of bronze and the toy is made of wood.
• Please,take coffee or tea.
• Do or die.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

A conjunction that joins a clause to the main clause in a sentence SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION.

Example

• after, before, because, if, whether, when, where, how,while, that, though,although, as, unless,till
• He was absent because he was ill.
• Strike when the iron is hot.

Some Conjunction Come In Pairs

Example

• He is either a begger or a theif.
• She is neither my sister nor my niece.
• Not only I like mangoes, but also apples.
• Though he is poor, yet he helps the needy.
• She is both, pretty and clever.
• Whether they bring it or not is uncertain.
• Milton was not a politician but a poet.
• No sooner did I see him than I saluted him.
• Scarely had the rain stopped when I went out.

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PREPOSITION

A preposition is a word placed before a Noun or Pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence.

Example

• The clock is on the wall.
• The cow is grazing in the field.
• He is angry with you.

Sample Usage of Some Prepositions

BETWEEN and AMONG

While saying about two person or thing we use BETWEEN and while saying about more than two person or thing we use AMONG.

Example

• Two brothers shared the apple between themselves.
• I sat between Ancy and Juli.

BESIDE and BESIDES

Beside means by the side of.
Besides means in addition to.

Example

• My house is beside the river.
• He plays football besides badminton.

BY and WITH

When we say about a person who does the action we use BY.
When to say about some thing near by,or some thing along with weuse WITH.

Example

• A snake was killed by the boy.
• I am writing with my pen.

IN and AT

IN is used along with countries, placec cities .. etc.
AT is used along with names of towns, small villages .. etc.

Example

• My brother lives in America.
• The classes will begin at 10 A.M.

NOTE : Sometimes IN is also used to indicate 'Period of Time'. He came in time.

ON and UPON

When we say about some thing at rest we use ON.
When we say about some thing that is not at rest we use UPON.

Example

• The clock is on the wall.
• The tiger sprang upon a deer.

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INTERJECTION

A word which expresses a sudden feeling.

Example

• Hurrah ! We have won the match.
• Alas ! she is dead.
• Oh ! it was horrible.

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20 Grammar Rules

Here are 20 simple rules and tips to help you avoid mistakes in English grammar. For more comprehensive rules please look under the appropriate topic (part of speech etc) on our grammarand other pages.

1. A sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a period/full stop, a question mark or an exclamation mark. see Punctuation

• The fat cat sat on the mat.
• Where do you live?
• My dog is very clever!

2. The order of a basic positive sentence is Subject-Verb-Object. (Negative and question sentences may have a different order.)

• John loves Mary.
• They were driving their car to Bangkok.

3. Every sentence must have a subject and a verb. An object is optional. Note that an imperative sentence may have a verb only, but the subject is understood.

• John teaches.
• John teaches English.
• Stop! (i.e. You stop!)

4. The subject and verb must agree in number, that is a singular subject needs a singular verb and a plural subject needs a plural verb.

• John works in London.
• That monk eats once a day.
• John and Mary work in London.
• Most people eat three meals a day.

5. When two singular subjects are connected by or, use a singular verb. The same is true for either/or and neither/nor.

• John or Mary is coming tonight.
• Either coffee or tea is fine.
• Neither John nor Mary waslate.

6. Adjectives usually come before a noun (except when a verb separates the adjective from the noun).

• I have a big dog.
• She married a handsome Italian man.
• (Her husband is rich.)

7. When using two or more adjectives together, the usual order is opinion-adjective + fact-adjective + noun. (There are some additional rules for the order of fact adjectives.)

• I saw a nice French table.
• That was an interesting Shakespearian play.

8. Treat collective nouns (e.g. committee, company, board of directors) as singular OR plural. In BrE a collective noun is usually treated as plural, needing a plural verb and pronoun. In AmE a collective noun is often treated as singular, needing a singular verb and pronoun.

• The committee are having sandwiches for lunch. Then they will go to London. (typically BrE)
• The BBC have changed theirlogo. (typically BrE)
• My family likes going to the zoo. (typically AmE)
• CNN has changed its logo. (typically AmE)

9. The words its and it's are two different words with different meanings.

• The dog has hurt its leg.
• He says it's two o'clock.

10. The words your and you're are two different words with different meanings.

• Here is your coffee.
• You're looking good.

11. The words there, their and they're are three different words with different meanings.

• There was nobody at the party.
• I saw their new car.
• Do you think they're happy?

12. The contraction he's can mean he is OR he has. Similarly, she's can mean she is OR she has, and it's can mean it is OR it has, and John's can mean John isOR John has.

• He is working
• He has finished.
• She is here.
• She has left.
• John is married.
• John has divorced his wife.

13. The contraction he'd can mean he had OR he would. Similarly, they'd can mean they had OR they would.

• He had eaten when I arrived.
• He would eat more if possible.
• They had already finished.
• They would come if they could.

14. Spell a proper noun with an initial capital letter. A proper noun is a "name" of something, for example Josef, Mary, Russia, China, British Broadcasting Corporation, English.

• We have written to Mary.
• Is China in Asia?
• Do you speak English?

15. Spell proper adjectives with an initial capital letter. Proper adjectives are made from proper nouns, for example Germany → German, Orwell → Orwellian, Machiavelli → Machiavellian.

• London is an English town.
• Who is the Canadian prime minister?
• Which is your favourite Shakespearian play?

16. Use the indefinite article a/anfor countable nouns in general. Use the definite article the for specific countable nouns and all uncountable nouns.

• I saw a bird and a balloon in the sky. The bird was blue and the balloon was yellow.
• He always saves some of the money that he earns.

17. Use the indefinite article awith words beginning with a consonant sound. Use the indefinite article an with words beginning with a vowel sound. see When to Say a or an

• a cat, a game of golf, a human endeavour, a Frenchman, a university (you-ni-ver-si-ty)
• an apple, an easy job, an interesting story, an old man, an umbrella, an honorable man (on-o-ra-ble)

18. Use many or few with countable nouns. Use much/a lotor little for uncountable nouns.see Quantifiers

• How many dollars do you have?
• How much money do you have?
• There are a few cars outside.
• There is little traffic on the roads.

19. To show possession (who is the owner of something) use an apostrophe + s for singular owners, and s + apostrophe for plural owners.

• The boy's dog. (one boy)
• The boys' dog. (two or more boys)

20. In general, use the active voice (Cats eat fish) in preference to the passive voice (Fish are eaten by cats).

• We use active in preference to passive.
• Active is used in preference to passive.

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T.A Chandrashekhar 6360396463

chandrashekhartalawar277@gmail.com